unrealistic optimism definition psychology

In this paper, I discuss some of the theoretical limitations of PEM. The prediction error minimization framework (PEM) denotes a family of views that aim at providing a unified theory of perception, cognition, and action. The results provide initial empirical evidence for the distinction between personal and interpersonal certainties and how different types of information on SNSs influence them. Negative information increased interpersonal certainty more than positive information but not for those with a higher positivism bias.

Results revealed reading SNS information about a person increased personal certainty more than interpersonal certainty. With a web-based experiment (N = 216), the study tested how one may gain personal and interpersonal certainties about a target person from reading different types of information on social media, focusing on the effects of information valence, information source, and an information seeker’s positivism bias. This paradox prompted a conceptual distinction between interpersonal and personal uncertainties. The study concluded that the conditional indirect effect of optimism in the association between life satisfaction and student engagement via academic self-efficacy was stronger for low optimistic undergraduate students.Īlthough social network sites (SNSs) carry a wide range of information about a person, previous research discovered they did not reduce uncertainties about the person as well as direct interactions with the person. The indirect effect of academic self-efficacy in the life orientation-student engagement link was also significant. Results showed that life satisfaction, academic self-efficacy and optimism were independent predictors of student engagement. Both the direct and indirect effects were estimated using the AMOS Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) procedure while the conditional indirect effect was ascertained using the Hayes (2018) Process Macro. Data were screened for normality and intercorrelation using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical tool.

Participants were 166 (mean age = 21.72, σ = 2.71, ♀ = 57.8%) university undergraduates, who responded to an online survey containing Student Engagement Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, General Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and Life Orientation Test-Revised.

This study examined the conditional indirect effect of optimism in the interplay between life satisfaction and student engagement through academic self-efficacy.

Unrealistic optimism definition psychology